Kraków June 6, 2018
270b Section July 22 1984
PZL Mielec M-28
Poland
History
Transport plane, multi-tasking and highly specialized.
M-28 SP-DDA 2007. Foto Karol Placha Hetman
M-28 nb 0810 2011. Foto Karol Placha Hetman
M-28 nb 0810 2011. Foto Karol Placha Hetman
M-28 nb 0211 2015. Foto Karol Placha Hetman
M-28 nb 0211 2015. Foto Karol Placha Hetman
M-28 nb 0204 2017. Foto Karol Placha Hetman
History of M-28
The Polish Army have bought PZL Mielec An-28 planes from 1986. Later development versions of PZL Mielec M-28 were purchased. In factory PZL Mielec a project was created to adapt the M-28 machine to the needs of the Polish Army. The project received the codename Bryza and assumed the creation of two versions: cargo and parachute landing PZL An-28 TD Bryza-TD and patrol An-28 B1R Bryza-1R. Later other versions were created for the Polish Army. Until 2007, 28 machines were purchased by the Polish Army.
In December 2008, another 8 M-28 B / PT Bryza machines were ordered. Airplanes are used in 13. ELTr (Balice), 14. ELTr (Powidz), 1. Transport Aviation Base (Okęcie), Navy (Siemirowice, Babie Doły), School “Szkoła Orląt” in Dęblin and Radom and in the Border Guard. Airplanes come in different versions and variations. Starting from ordinary transporters, and on highly specialized machines ending.
After the break-up of CCCP and the total collapse of the local market, the WSK PZL Mielec began looking for new outlets. To succeed, it was necessary to equip the aircraft with another avionics and other engines. It was necessary to modify the airframe so that the subassemblies so far delivered from CCCP should be replaced with those produced in Poland. From 1984 to 2010, Polish constructors and engineers have introduced nearly 25,000 aircraft modifications. As a result, two development varieties of the An-28 aircraft were created. These are PZL M-28 Skytruck, a commercial plane for foreign markets and PZL M-28 B Bryza for the Polish Army.
The M-28 Skytruck aircraft was initially built under the name An-28 PT Pyrite. Because the name was bad, for marketing reasons, the name PZL M-28 Skytruck was finally adopted.
The first flight of the modified aircraft, which was marked PZL M-28, was made on July 24, 1993.
The basic change was the use of Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-65B turboprop engines.
In 1994, the promotion of the PZL M-28 Skytruck airplane in America began. For this purpose, the machine flew over the Atlantic Ocean. PZL M-28 Skytruck was the second Polish plane, after RWD-5, which flew from Europe to America. The aircraft was also tested in high mountain conditions. The obtained results prompted the constructors to increase the maximum lifting capacity of the machine from 1 750 kg to 2 300 kg. The aircraft was certified according to FAR-23 requirements.
C-145A
In 2003, a contract was signed for the purchase of multi-role combat aircraft Lockheed Martin F-16 for the Polish Air Force. The contract was accompanied by an offset. One of its points was the sale of 100 PZL M-28 aircraft in the USA. During the arrangements, this number was systematically reduced to eventually end on 16 machines. M-28 Skytruck aircraft were delivered to US units in 2009-2013. Airplanes were adopted by the United States Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC Air Force Special Operations Command). PZL M-28 aircraft in the USA received the designation C-145 A.
Aircraft C-145 A (PZL M-28) were used by US troops in Iraq and Afghanistan. They were used during special missions and for training paratroopers of local troops.
In Afghanistan on December 18, 2011, while approaching the landing plane, on a very difficult landing field and in bad weather conditions, the aircraft co-committed, was damaged and recorded from the state. There were 7 people on board. Nothing happened to anyone.
In 2015, the US military announced that it was withdrawing from service 10 C-145 A aircraft and transferring them to warehouses. The machines went to the Davis-Monthan landfill in Arizona in May and August 2015. Only five M-28 Skytruck machines remained in the USAF unit. Similar cuts took place in the US Army in relation to the Italian aircraft Alenia C-27J Spartan. These cuts were not associated with aircraft defects, but due to the withdrawal of US troops from Iraq and Afghanistan. Probably the USAF will withdraw all C-145 A aircraft by 2020 from use.
In 2018, the US army handed over two C-145A planes from stock to the army of Estonia.
Two C-145 A aircraft are also used by the Arizona police.
PZL M-28 for Germani
In November 2017, two PZL M-28-05 planes were leased by German troops for parachute training. In the Germanic version, the aircraft is equipped with the PJRS (Parachute Jump Rescue System) rescue system. This mechanism provides assurance during jumps with forced opening of the parachute. In the case when the parachute does not automatically release, the jumper will hang on the rope behind the plane. The PJRS system then allows you to pull the jumper onto the plane. The use of this system perfectly complements the basic functionality of the M-28, which is the rear loading door.
WSK PZL Mielec for sale
Zakłady PZL Mielec, the pearl of the Polish Aviation Industry, was put up for sale. The only company interested in purchasing the PZL Mielec plant was the American company Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation, which belongs to the United Technologies Corporation. Representatives of the Sikorsky company noticed that the fuselage of the M-28 aircraft corresponds to the size of the Black Hawk fuselage.
On March 16, 2007, Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation bought 100% shares in PZL Mielec from the Polish Government with the intention to start production of helicopters. First of all, the fuselages of Black Hawk machines, and then whole helicopters.
At the same time, Sikorsky undertook to maintain the production potential of M-28, M-26 and M-18 aircraft. The amount of PLN 66,000,000 was paid for the PZL Mielec plant, plus PLN 36,677,527.91 of PZL Mielec's debt to the Industrial Development Agency. Sikorsky also committed to making further investments of around US $ 45,000,000 in the next 4 years. Of this $ 26,000,000 in fixed assets. In fact, the Polish company PZL Mielec doesn’t even have a logo.
In addition, legal issues related to M-28 aircraft were repaired. It is about Skytruck LLC, which, as part of the offset agreement on the purchase of F-16 Jastrząb, was to deal with the sale of PZL M-28 aircraft on the North American market. In fact, Skytruck LLC didn’t carry out the task and blocked the promotion of the M-28 in that area.
In four years the factory in Mielec has changed very much. Only part of the halls was left, which were renovated and equipped with a new machine park. The area was fenced. Unnecessary assets were sold. The plant was focused on the production of Black Hawk helicopters, while maintaining the ability to build M-28, M-18 Dromader aircraft. The M-26 Iskierka plane disappeared from the offer. At that time, the plant didn’t interrupt the implementation of orders for PZL M-28 planes.
In December 2008, the Ministry of National Defense ordered 12 M-28 B / PT Bryza aircraft at PZL Mielec. The value of the contract amounted to PLN 635 million. The cockpit was made in the full Glass Cockpit version. The last aircraft was delivered in 2013. The decision to purchase further PZL M-28 exposes the Ministry of National Defense to a wave of criticism and charges. However, the military prosecutor's office refused to deal with the matter of the contract, finding no evidence of crime or acting to the detriment of the state's interest. Eventually, the number of ordered aircraft was reduced to 8 units for approximately PLN 500 million.
In 2012, the company sanctioned the production of four basic aircraft in Mielec:
S-70i Black Hawk - medium multirole transport helicopter (production of cabins and helicopters). The plant also produces cabin segments of the UH-60 M Black Hawk helicopter structure. The S-70i Black Hawk helicopter is a flagship product in Mielec.
PZL M-18 Dromader - agricultural and firefighting plane. A single-engine plane used in agrotropic and firefighting or comprehensive forest protection.
PZL M-28 Skytruck - a multi-task, twin-engine, turboprop aircraft, STOL class (short take-off and landing), designed to perform local passenger and cargo transport tasks, parachute jumpers, medical evacuations, patrol and reconnaissance, as well as search and rescue.
PZL M-28 B Bryza - multirole aircraft, military version of the M-28 model, designed to perform special tasks (depending on the systems installed). M-28 is being built as a multi-purpose aircraft and a highly specialized machine.
PZL Mielec M-28
The M-28 airplane is a specific construction with unique features. STOL, or the possibility of a short takeoff and landing. The plane with a fixed, high-strength chassis is perfectly suited for airports and airfields with unpaved runways (RWY). The machine has a two-engine unit, which makes it safe. In addition, it has a maximum load capacity of up to 2 500 kg. The advantages of the machines are: STOL's properties, excellent volatile properties at low speeds, high lifting capacity, use from contingent areas, rear loading ramp, the ability to change the configuration of the hold, low cost of operation, excellent PT6 engines. The PZL M-28 aircraft has an EASA type certificate no. EASA.A.058, Yankeski (FAA) No. A56CE, Indonesian No. A054, Taiwanese (CAA), Nepali (CAAN), Brazilian (ANAC) and Indian.
The charge against the aircraft is low charging and no pressure booth. This means that PZL M-28 is a niche aircraft. However, from time to time, customers need just such a machine. M-28 practically on the market of new aircraft has no competition. The most dangerous competitor of De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter after the break from 1988, again from 2006 is in the production offer, this time the Viking company. Other constructions have evolved into larger machines.
M-28 aircraft from Mielec are used at home and abroad. Many machines were delivered to CCCP (about 180 pieces), and after the collapse of the country, the An-28 planes found themselves in the colors of Ukrainian, Kyrgyz, Kazakh, Moldovan, Latvian, Tajik, Georgian, Armenian and, of course, Russia. M-28 aircraft were sold to such countries as: Venezuela (about 50 items), Hungary, Madagascar, Guinea, Tanzania, Nepal (about 22 items), Indonesia, Vietnam (about 10 items), Panama. In addition to the army, police, national guard, border guards, M-28 planes were also bought by companies and individuals.
In 2017, the PZL M-28 aircraft made an advertising flight in South America and the Caribbean. The plane took off with a trade mission in February 2017. It lasted three months. The turn team consisted of five pilots, four mechanics and one flight coordinator. Aerial and ground-based demonstrations, with special focus on takeoffs from short and poorly equipped RWY, and the potential for quick reconfiguration. The shows began in mid-March in Trinidad and Tobago. Then the plane visited Brazil, Argentina, Ecuador, Colombia, Panama and Mexico. The plane in Rio de Janeiro took off from April 4-7 at LAAD Defense and Security Exhibition, which takes place every two years. The machine held demonstration flights in 12 places in the Caribbean and Latin America. The result was a collection of over 20 offers from potential buyers. As the president of the PZL Mielec company, Janusz Zakręcki, stressed, the majority of new purchase offers refer to the carriage of both passengers and goods to an unprepared landing field, including places located high above sea level. Over half of the M-28 inquiries come from private and regional carriers, including state services such as the police. The other cases are the army.
The PZL Mielec plant will soon build 300 An-28 / M-28 aircraft, including around 120 M-28. With the proviso that some copies were thoroughly rebuilt. About 1 700 people work in the company in Mielec.
At the end of the 80's of the 20th century, the An-28 aircraft received the NATO Cash code designation - cash. Pretty nice name.
PZL An-28 Bryza 2RF crash in Babie Doły
The PZL An-28 Bryza 2RF Nb 1007 plane crash in Babie Doły occurred on March 31, 2009 at about 4:45 PM. Everyone on board died, four soldiers. The plane belonged to the Naval Aviation Brigade and carried out a training flight. The crew practiced the approach to emergency landing with one engine off.
Aircraft crew:
Capt. naval pilot Marek Sztabinski, born August 18, 1973 (36 years) - commander of the crew, pilot training instructor, raid 1134 hours,
Kmdr ppor. pilot Roman Berski, born on April 27, 1961 (48 years) - pilot controlling, raid 1500 hours,
Navy lieutenant pilot Przemysław Dudzik, born May 5, 1982 (27) - a pilot trained, a flight of 260 hours,
Navy staff officer Ireneusz Rajewski, born March 31, 1966 (43) - on-board technician, 1900 hours raid.
Honor their memory!
By order of the President of the Republic of 10 April 2009, the crew members were posthumously awarded the Maritime Cross of Merit. The accident report gave the probable cause - a pilot error and, as a result, unsymmetrical dragging of the aircraft. The impact on the ground took place in the back position.
The PZL An-28 Bryza Nb 1007 aircraft was built in 1992 and had approximately 1500 hours in the air. PZL An-28 Bryza Nb 1007 was called the "Parisian" by pilots of Milicz PZL, because it was a VIP version of Salon, which before transferring to the unit in 1997 took part in the Paris International Air Show. Previously, the machine served as an unfinished prototype of the PZL An-28 RF version for radio-electronic combat.
M-28 Skytruck disaster in Venezuela
On July 12, 2001, the PZL M-28 Skytruck plane crashed. The disaster happened in the town of Puerto Cabello. Puerto Cabello is a town on the Caribbean Sea about 150 km from Caracas. All of those who were on the plane died, 13 people; 8 Venezuelans and 5 Poles. The cause was a probable pilot error.
The C-145 A accident in Afghanistan
On December 18, 2011, the C-145 A aircraft performed a stage flight Kandahar in Afghanistan - Qalat - Walan Rabat - Qalat - Kandahar. The goal was to transport passengers. The start took place at 09:39 local time. The weather was not the best. There was a strong wind blowing 14 knots, and in gusts of 17 knots. Landing area in Walan. Rabat with a ground runway lies in the direction of 34 and has a drop of 3 degrees. RWY is only partially prepared. It has an AMP-3 type designation, commonly referred to as "box-and-one" with colored panels.
The pilot checked the wind value chart and incorrectly calculated the component of the rear wind, mistakenly thinking that it was within the allowable limit for the M-28 landing. The pilot decided to land with the wind, but on the rising RWY. This is the recommended direction of landing. The pilot flew shallow to 2.5-3 degrees due to the ascending landing zone. At a distance of about 1000 feet from the landing zone, the pilot visually perceived the AMP-3 sign and landed on the plane at 10:32 UTC. After a harder than normal landing, the plane turned right and left the prepared surface. The front wheel encountered uneven terrain and broke off, causing the plane to co-fly. The crew and passengers then emerged through the window of the other pilot and emergency exit in the port side. Nothing happened to anyone. There were 7 people on board: three crew members and four passengers.
The accident investigation committee found no unequivocal cause, and the very bad landing ground was considered the main reason.
Aircraft C-145 A (PZL M-28-05) Serial number AJE 003-19. Registration 08-0319. The first flight of 2009. It made 1,273 flights for the accident in 1 164 hours.
Written by Karol Placha Hetman
Kraków June 8, 2018
270b Section July 22 1984
PZL Mielec M-28
Poland
Construction
Transport plane, multi-tasking and highly specialized.
Construction of PZL M-28
The aircraft is produced in serial PZL Mielec. It is a communication plane for transporting passengers and cargo under extreme climatic conditions. It has SLOT properties (short takeoff and landing). A twin-engine, turboprop, high-winged, high-winged, metal-engineered turboprop.
Classic double-girder wings. Divided technologically into three parts. The center wing and outer parts that are attached. The outline of the central part is rectangular and the outer part is trapezoidal. The construction of the caisson type panel. The caisson is created by girders, ribs and working cover. The caissons, both internal and in the attachments, are integral fuel tanks. The outside parts have a rich mechanization. On the leading edge there are two-sectional gills. On the upper surface, two-section chopsticks (slots). At the trailing edge of the flaps and ailerons. The left aileron has a balancing flap. Initially, the shuttlecocks were covered with canvas. This is not the end. Two flaps, left and right and interrupters (slots) were attached to the center wing. All two-slot type flaps. The wingspan is 22.073 m and the largest chord is 1.886 m.
The fuselage of a metal structure consists of a load-bearing cover, stringers, beams and frame. Integral parts of the structure are the frames of the viewports and windows of the crew cabin. In terms of technology, the hull is divided into three parts. A center-plane is attached to the middle part of the two frames in the upper zone. A rudimentary patch was attached to the bottom part of the fuselage, and to its ends, shaving the main landing gear and down the main wings. The floor of the loading cabin is adapted to increased pressure.
Access to the aircraft is provided by the door located in the left side. The crew and passengers enter through it.
Behind the fuselage are loading doors and stairs. Double leaf doors are opened to the outside, and in newer solutions to the inside. The dimensions of the hold: length 5.26 m (17.2 ft), width 1.74 m (5.7 ft), height 1.72 m (5.7 ft). Passenger cabin with 18 + 1 seats. The distance between the seats is 0.72 m (2.36 ft), the passage width is 0.354 m (1.16 ft).
In the rear part of the fuselage, a horizontal tail is attached to the two frames.
The pitch is in the case of the letter H, with a relatively large area. This large surface provides excellent controllability at low and high speeds. Horizontal construction is one-piece, double-girder, fixed with four fittings to the frame of the hull. They are equipped with a two-part rudder with balancing flaps. Vertical height doubled with a division into a rudder and ballasts. Structurally single-girder. Each rudder has a balancing flap. Initially, all the rudders were covered with canvas. As a result of many years of exploitation, it was decided to vertical deviate from the plane of the axis of symmetry by about 2 degrees, in order to compensate for the effect of air flow disturbed by working propellers.
The landing gear of the aircraft allows it to be used at small airports and landing sites with grassy, marshy, snowy, gravel or sandy surfaces. The aircraft is equipped with a fixed chassis with a front wheel. All single wheels. Low pressure tires. The shins of the front chassis are attached to two floor beams. The front wheel is hydraulically controlled to the left-right 50 degrees, unbraked. After detachment from the ground, the front wheel automatically sets itself in a neutral position, offering minimal resistance. The tire size is 595 x 320 mm. The shafts of the main landing gear are attached to the residual patches that ensure sufficient spacing. The main landing gear spacing is 3.405 m, and the chassis base is 4.40 m. Tire size 720 x 320 mm. Braking system of the main hydraulic chassis wheels with anti-slip system (ABS). It is possible to brake each wheel separately. The chassis can be supplemented with skis, which allows it to be used on a thick layer of snow.
PZL-10 S / TWD-10 B engine
The propulsion system provides the aircraft carrying 15-20 passengers at a speed of 300 - 350 km / h, for a distance of 375 - 690 km. The maximum range is 1 300 km. In the event of failure of one of the engines, the aircraft may continue to start and climb at 3.2 m / s.
The drive consists of two PZL-10 S turboprop engines, which are licensed counterparts of TWD-10 B Soviet engines. Manufacturer PZL-Rzeszów. The engine compressor has 6-degree axial and 1-degree radial stress. An annular combustion chamber to which fuel supplies rotating injectors. 2-stage turbine. Power from the drive turbine is transmitted by a high-speed reducer, intermediate shaft, planetary gear reducer.
A single-stage axial turbine drives the propeller through a high-speed gear reducer, an intermediate shaft and a propeller planetary reducer forward. The aircraft aggregate drive box is moved by a high speed gear reducer. The propeller reducer is additionally driven by the propeller speed controller and the speed controller of the power turbine.
Three-blade propellers, rearranged AW-24 AN. The adjustment of propellers takes place to a large extent. By setting in the flag to the negative string.
The power unit is also included; airplane aggregate drive box, oiling and venting system, power supply system and automatic engine adjustment and propeller pitch regulation, anti-icing system, electrical system.
The engine units are driven from a drive box, cinematically coupled to the turbocharger.
The engine is equipped with an anti-pumping system, which consists of an air release valve after the 6th stage of the compressor and two bleedings on the combustion chamber hull.
Fuel supply only in wings of 1 960 liters, which is 516 US gal. The capacity of the tanks in the centrifuge is 620 liters (163 US gal), and in the extreme parts 1 340 liters (353 US gal). A cross-type fuel system that powers each engine independently. The system allows all fuel to be delivered to one engine. In the event of failure of fuel pumps, you can continue to supply engines with fuel, but only from tanks located in the outer parts of the wings. The tanks can be filled individually, through upper infusions or pressurized through the central infusion. A tank overflow protection system was used, with the option of manually controlling the filling level of tanks.
The engine lubrication system consists have two circuits; the turbocharger circuit and the drive turbine circuit. Each of the circuits has its own assembly including a discharge pump and a suction pump assembly.
The engine's advantage is; low unit fuel consumption, current control of the engine condition, continuous vibration measurement and signaling their permissible overrun, automatic protection against exceeding the permissible gas temperatures behind the turbine turbine, automatic protection against exceeding the maximum turbine revolutions, easy access to individual components.
Together with the engine license, Poland obtained new technologies; precise casting of the working vanes and guide vanes. Rolling of working vanes. Surface hardening of working blade blades by vibration method. Automatic welding in an argon shield. Electron beam welding.
The basic data of the engine and propeller are;
- engine type - turboprop with a free turbine and extended propeller reducer.
- Starting power on the propeller shaft 705 kW (960 hp).
- Nominal power on the propeller shaft 574 kW (780 hp).
- Ambient temperature from minus 50 degrees C to plus 40 degrees C.
- Pulling propeller with automatic and involuntary changeable pitch, set in a flag and reverse.
- 2.8 m in diameter.
At the end of the 90-ties, 5-blade propellers from Hartzell were started for PZL-10 S engines. Such a drive was used in many Polish military M-28 Bryza.
PT6A-65B engine. 1993.
Poland wanted to sell M-28 aircraft to capitalist countries. To make this possible, other engines had to be used. The choice fell on Pratt-Whitney from Canada. With Pratt-Whitney, Poland has been cooperating for many years. The engine designated PT6A-65B was selected. The engines have a capacity of 2 x 809 kW (2 x 1 100 HP) and a nominal 2 x 736 kW. For the engines there are dedicated 5-blade HC-B5MP propellers from Hartzell. The first flight with these M-28 engines was made in 1993.
Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6 engines are one of the most popular turboprop engines in the world. PT6 motors have gained recognition thanks to reliability. The repair intervals are 3 600 or 9,000 hours, and the parts of the hot engine are 1 800 - 2,000 hours. The engines have power from 500 hp to 1,600 hp. These engines are also built for helicopters.
Pratt & Whitney Canada began working on turboprop engines in 1956. The need was foreseen to replace piston engines with engines with a much better power to weight ratio. A small budget of $ 100,000 was given to the program. The program was developing very slowly. In 1958, a 450 hp engine project was created. In February 1960, the first prototype was launched. Flight tests began in May 1961. The serial production began in 1963. By 2010, over 40,000 PT6 engines were built.
The PT6 engine uses the main spool technology with an additional so-called free turbine. The air flow through the engine is from the rear of the engine to the front. The engine is built from two main sections, thanks to which the engine can be easily separated and renovated. The air to the engine falls after the 180 degree turn in relation to the direction of flight. Here is a compressor with 3 stages (or depending on the version with 4 stages) axial and one-degree radial. Compressed air goes to the annular combustion chamber where another 180 degree turn occurs. Some of the air falls into the flame insert and the rest is used to cool the cartridge. Once again, the return is 180 degrees. The exhaust gases are closer to the main shaft. Now the gases are sent to a single-stage turbine that drives the compressor. The main spool has a rotational speed of 45,000 rpm. Now, the exhaust gas goes to a free turbine, which is 30,000 rpm and drives the propeller through the shaft and reducer. The free turbine is one-stage or in stronger versions 2-stage. The propeller rotates at speeds from 1,900 rpm to 2,200 rpm. The flue gas escapes through the two side collectors once again changing direction by 180 degrees. The main transmission is of the planetary type in the reducer. Some aircraft powered by PT6 engines have engines facing backwards, which means that the propeller is of the pusher type.
Comparing the PT6 engine with the PZL-10 S engine is more advantageous for the first. The PT6 engine has a much more compact design, which means it has less mass. Despite the smaller compressor, it achieves higher rotational speeds. There is a higher temperature in the combustion chamber. It hasn't long shaft that needs to transfer torque to the rear of the engine.
A version PT6A-65B was installed on the PZL M-28. It was 1993 and two new PZL M-28 planes with SP-DDF and SP-DFB registrations. 5-blade propellers from Hartzell were also installed. Each engine has a power of 1 100 hp.
Control system.
The aircraft is adapted to be controlled by two pilots. The control system was initially mechanical. The control system in the 80's has undergone some evolution. Finally, the control system ensures, when deflecting the flaps, automatic deflection of the ailerons, by an angle proportional to the angle of release of the flaps. The indicator located in the cockpit's cabin informs about the position of the flaps. Rudder, rudder, left aileron have electrically controlled balancing flaps. Interrupt control is hydraulic. Control of the flaps by means of a hydraulic jack through a mechanical system. The aircraft received a system that reduces the asymmetry of the thrust in the event of a defect in one of the engines. Then automatic interrupters are swiveled on the side of the running engine.
Hydraulic installation
The hydraulic system moves the front wheel, brakes the wheels of the main chassis, opens and closes the valves, opens the interrupters. The working pressure in the installation is 14.7 MPa.
Electrical installation.
Three-phase alternating current with a 200/115 V cut provides two generators. Three-phase alternating voltage 36 V provides two emergency generators. The emergency and start-up power supply consists of two cadmium-nickel batteries with a capacity of 25 Ah and a voltage of 27 V.
Anti-icing installation.
The anti-icing installation is very extensive. It starts automatically via sensors or manually. The hot air from the engine compressor is used for de-icing slots, the leading edge of the center wing, the tail, the air grip of the oil cooler and the air conditioning grip. Engine anti-icing systems heats engine air intakes and engine starters. The air inlets that are the walls of the oil tanks are heated by the hot oil of the oil system. Electrically de-iced; shovels and hubcaps of propellers and crew cabin windows.
Avionics of the early versions of An-28 / M-28
The aircraft is capable of flying in difficult weather conditions during the day and at night. It can take off and land without ground visibility. It is provided by groups of devices;
Mechanical - two speedometers, two altimeters, two complex instruments composed of a variometer, a turn indicator, a clinometer.
Navigation - two artificial horizons, the third reserve, two pilot navigational instruments cooperating with the magnetic heading system.
Radio navigation - two radiocompasses, a radio altimeter, a signaling device above the beacon.
The on-board telephone is used to maintain communication between crew members, inform passengers, and listen to radio sets in the crew's earphones.
VHF radio is used for communication with the ground and other airplanes. At a flight altitude of 1,000 m it has a range of 100 km.
Emergency VHF radio is used for communication of the crew with rescue groups after emergency leaving the aircraft. It has a range of 100 km.
VOR / ILS apparatus with a range of 100 km.
Radiometer of small height. It determines the actual height from the ground.
Security and data registration system. Works without crew intervention. Records the technical condition of all basic aircraft devices. Records crew's business data, activities, current date and time. It automatically sends response signals to the call of the radiolocation station, stating, among other things, the aircraft number. Thanks to this, the plane is easy to locate and identify. He constantly controls the altitude of the flight, automatically giving the signal too low. It triggers an alarm signal about a possible threat on board.
Crew cockpit equipment.
Two speedometers, two altimeters, two combined devices (variometer, turn indicator, clinometer). Navigation instruments; two artificial horizons, one artificial horizon, two pilot-navigational instruments cooperating with the magnetic-level system, two radio compasses, a radio altimeter. The signaler over the beacon.
The advantages of the aircraft.
The plane has excellent pilot properties. It to start need a grassy (ground) runway with a length of only 525 m. The takeoff speed is only 135 km / h, and landings 125 km / h. Cruising altitude is 3,000 m. Typical climb velocity is 8 m / s, and descent is 4 m / s, but in emergency situations control at 25 m / s can fall.
Basic differences between PZL An-28 and PZL M-28 B Bryza.
The aircraft has been given the option of suspending the undercarriage trunk with streamlined shapes, capable of lifting up to 300 kg.
The rear ramp was rebuilt several times. Two versions were created. The first modeled on the ramp system on the An-26 aircraft. It opens by dropping down and during the flight it can also move under the hull. Such doors have received versions typically for paratroopers. The second one is a two-part door (double leaf). They are divided like in An-28, along. They hydraulically open to the inside of the aircraft, which also allows parachute landing. Or, manually open them outside. It is basically emergency opening, from the outside. In addition to the door there are also separate stairs. This type of door has transport versions.
Avionics PZL M-28 Skytruck
Radio navigation equipment Honeywell / Bendix King
- area navigation system
- GPS satellite receiver
- DME radiodalay
- weather radar
- radiokompas
- AHRS platform
- exchange system No. 2
- IFF transponder
- radio altimeter
- marker receiver
- two radio stations
- two intercoms
- automatic remote control
- flight parameter recorder (black box)
- voice recorder (black box)
Avionic M-28 B Bryza / M-28 B1R Bryza-1R.
- Honeywell KLN-90B / 900 GPS receiver with the Griebień course system.
- KFC-325 autopilot.
- KNS-81 area navigation receiver.
- Chelton's exploration system.
- radio compass ARK-15 or ADF-806.
- IFF SC10D2 transponder of the Supraśl system.
- RS6113 or AN / ARC-210 radio stations.
- RDR-2000 weather radar.
- Some aircraft have VOR / ILS and TACAN KTU-709 receivers installed.
Avionics M-28 B1E.
- KT-76A transponder.
- Honeywell KX-155 navigational radio station with the Griebień course system.
- RS-6113 radio.
Avionic M-28 B1R Bryza-1R bis.
- Bendix King RNAV Gold Crown avionics.
- KLN-900 GPS receiver.
- KFC-325 autopilot.
- RDS-82VP / RDR-2000 weather radar.
- VOR / ILS KNR-634A system.
- INS LTN-101 system.
- KDF-806 radio compass.
- KNS-660 flight system.
- DM-441B radio modem.
- EFIS-50 indication system.
- LNS-92 laser gyro-compass.
Specialist equipment M-28 B1R Bryza-1R.
- MSC-400 radiolocation observation system (ARS-400 radiolocation station, with IFF receiver).
- CSS-400 command system, or ŁS-10M - the airborne element of the Łeba-2 command system.
- life rafts.
- illuminating bomb ejectors (SAB-100-75, SAB-100-55, SAB-100MW).
Specialist equipment M-28 E Bryza-1E.
- Ericsson MSS-5000 system (IR / UV scanner, SLAR system - two side radars, photo system (DCS620 camera), video (DCR-VX1000 camera).
Specialist equipment M-28 B1R Bryza-1R bis.
- SRM-800 system (ARS-800 radar, MAG-10 magnetometer, HYD-10 buoys, IFF APX-113 system, ŁS-10M console, ESM-10 radio identification system).
- life rafts.
- illuminating bomb ejectors (SAB-100-75, SAB-100-55, SAB-100MW).
- FLIR AN / AAQ-22 Star Safire II.
Special equipment of SAR varieties
- multi-function SAR patrol radar
- FLIR thermal imaging camera
- a radio direction recorder system
- data transmission system (DATA LINK)
- hydro acoustic system with sono-buoy ejector
- magneto metric system
- ESM passive defense system
Avionics of the latest versions of M-28 Bryza
The latest versions of PZL M-28 B / PT have a very modern avionics. The aircraft is equipped with pilot and radio-navigation equipment. They allow flights according to VFR and IFR regulations, day and night. The navigation equipment includes: two multifunctional navigation receivers (VOR / ILS / MLS / GPS), a DME receiver, a TACAN receiver, two ADF receivers, one radio altimeter, an AHRS platform and two EGI platforms. The communication system consists of two V / UHF radios, one HF radio station and one 503-14 emergency radio station. The safety and surveillance system consists of: weather radar, GPWS, TCAS together with two transponders IFF and XPDR.
Pilot and navigation displays are displayed on four MFD displays. External displays play the role of basic PFD pilot devices, while internal MFD displays placed on the central instrument panel work as a system of indication of engine operation parameters and EICAS crew warning and an interactive multi-functional IMDF indicator. Instrument illumination and instruments in the pilot's cabin are adapted for flights in night vision goggles. In order to secure basic ground handling at airports beyond the fixed homing site, basic ground equipment should be mounted on the aircraft, i.e. tug, ladder, tool bag and two wheel stands. For flights over water spaces there is also space for emergency and rescue equipment (rafts, life jackets).
Specification An-28. (Data T-T) 1984
Span 22.073 m (72,41 ft)
Length 13.10 m (43 ft)
Height 4.90 m (16 ft)
Own weight 3 750 kg
Weight max 6 500 kg
Load weight 1 750 kg
Fuel 1,567 kg
Speed max 350 km / h
Cruising speed 335 km / h
Safe minimum speed 165 km / h (89 KTS)
Landing speed 125 km / h
Stall speed 123 km / h (66 KTS)
Lifting speed 8 m / s
Range up to 1 365 km
Range with a maximum load of 560 km
Ceiling 6,000 m
Runway 340 m
Run 490 m
PZL-10 S engines with a capacity of 2 x 705 kW
Specification M-28 B. (Data T-T) 1992
Span 22.06 m (72.4 ft)
Length 13.10 m (43 ft)
Height 4.90 m (16 ft)
Own weight 4 350 kg
Weight max 7,000 kg
Load weight 1 750 kg
Fuel 1,567 kg
Speed max 365 km / h
Cruising speed 335 km / h
Safe minimum speed 165 km / h (89 KTS)
Landing speed 135 km / h
Stall speed 123 km / h (66 KTS)
Lifting speed 8 m / s
Coverage up to 1 230 km
Range with a maximum load of 560 km
Ceiling 6,000 m
Runway 340 m
Run 490 m
PZL-10 S engines with a capacity of 2 x 705 kW
Specification M-28 B / PT (Data T-T) 1993
Span 22.06 m (72.4 ft)
Length 13.10 m (43 ft)
Height 4.90 m (16 ft)
Own weight 4,090 kg
Own weight rescue version (SAR) 5 415 kg
Weight max 7,500 kg
Load weight 2,300 kg + 300 kg in the boot
Fuel 1,766 kg (2,280 liters)
Speed max 365 km / h
Speed max VMO 355 km / h (192 KTS)
Transfer 330 km / h
Safe minimum speed 160 km / h
Speed patrol for rescue version (SAR) 165 km / h
Landing speed 135 km / h
Stall speed 120 km / h
Lifting speed 9 - 11 m / s
The climb speed is 2 360 ft / minute
Range of max. 1,420 - 1,500 km at a cruising altitude of 3,000 m with a margin of 45 minutes of flight
Range with a maximum load of 1,000 km
Time flights 4 hours 50 minutes
Ceiling 6 200 m (with oxygen masks)
Runaway 325 m (1,065 ft)
Runway rescue version (SAR) 440 m
It is 560 m long
Emergency version (SAR) of 330 m
Engines PT 6 A-65 B with a capacity of 2 x 809 kW (2 x 1 100 hp)
Written by Karol Placha Hetman
Kraków 8 June 2018.
270b Section July 22 1984
PZL M-28 / An-28
Poland
List
Transport plane, multi-tasking and highly specialized.
Versions of An-28 / M-28 aircraft
An-28 - about 180 units were built for CCCP in 11 production series. A dozen aircraft were not picked up. Around 160 machines were delivered.
PZL M-34 - is an unfinished project of an enlarged fuselage aircraft that can carry 30 passengers or 3,000 kg of cargo.
PZL M-28-02 Skytruck - the first production variant of the aircraft. Airplanes received equipment in accordance with the will of the recipient. Airplanes were created as transport and landing.
PZL M-28-05 Skytruck - the second production variant of the aircraft. The so-called glass-cockpit. Production from the 3rd production series. The difference between 02 and 05 is the use of EFIS displays, other radio equipment. Airplanes certified up to 7,500 kg maximum weight and have additional fuel tanks in the wings.
PZL M-28 + Skytruck plus - an unfinished program of the enlarged cargo fuselage adapted for the transport of LD-3 air containers. On the basis of the aircraft, about the registration of SP-PDA, a model was built.
PZL M-28B TD - Polish Military Aviation uses Bryza in versions: transport and passenger (transport), Salon (P) and transport and landing (TD / TD-I / TD-II), having the same avionics of Polish production with elements imported. Airplanes have PZL-10 S engines with AW-24AN three-blade propellers or five-blade propellers.
PZL M-28B TD-II - has avionics adapted for flights using NVG goggles.
PZL M-28B TD-II - the latest planes have an analogue airframe with the PZL M-28-05 Skytruck variant, with additional fuel tanks in the wings. Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-65B engines were used as the drive. The planes have been able to transport loads up to 2,300 kg. Inside, you can mount special racks for transporting missiles and other aviation equipment.
PZL M-28B TD-II - landing version. The plane takes 17 parachutists with full equipment to the deck. They occupy seats on benches along the side of the plane. In the hold there is an amphibious landing, signaling and installation for jumps.
PZL M-28B TD-II - medical version. The plane transports 6 wounded on a stretcher or 8 wounded in a sitting position and 2-3 paramedics. The plane has basic medical equipment.
PZL M-28B TD-II - the passenger version has on board 17-19 individual tourist seats. There is also a toilet on the deck. Under the hull, you can hang a boot with a load capacity of 300 kg. The Salonka variant takes 8-12 passengers on board in comfortable armchairs. On board there is a table (tables), a dressing room, a bar and more.
PZL M-28 Bryza 1R - sea rescue and patrol plane. The Air Force Command determined in 1989 the requirements for a patrol and rescue plane to replace the aging PZL An-2 M. The prototype was flown in 1992. Initially, the SRN-441XA navigation radar was installed in the aft girdle of the An-28 helicopter. Then its modified version of ARS-100, with the changed antenna, but the previous indicator of the display of the SRN-400 series of marine radars. Tests were carried out in 1993. In the next stage of development in 1997, a new radar system named ARS-400 was developed. ARS-400 radar is used to detect objects on the surface of the sea, detection of shoreline, protection against smuggling, protection of fisheries, weather phenomena, pollution on the surface of the water, rescue tasks, location of relays and other devices. It has the option of automatic or manual tracking of objects and automatic transmission of navigation data of objects to the Łeba-2 command system. The radar has a flat antenna with a beam stabilization system. The station operates in the band 9.2-9.5 GHz and has a multi-channel signal processor enabling tracking of surface targets, land mapping, atmospheric phenomena and pollution. ARS-400 tracks up to 100 targets simultaneously at a distance of 100-120 km. In addition, there is a camera, a Chelton rescue helicopter, the ŁS-10 tip of the Łeba-2 command information collection system, two locks for 100 kg illuminating bombs, automatic life rafts, navigation radar, precise navigation system, autopilot. The first serial aircraft, named M-28 RM (from ARS-100), was handed over to the Navy in October 1994. After successful tests, 7 Polish machines of this variety were delivered to the Polish Navy with the ARS-400 station. The crew of the aircraft is 6-passenger: 2 pilots, on-board mechanic, 3 operators of special systems. The positions of system operators are built on the starboard side, frontally or sideways.
PZL M-28 B bis. Bryza-bis. - In the version with the radiolocation station, the chassis of the aircraft causes interference in the operation of the device. That's why it received a folding undercarriage: the front leg is hinged to the fairing under the front of the hull. During designing, the enlarged fairing fairing on the main chassis was abandoned in favor of a simpler solution - the shaving of the chassis rises to the sides. Raising the chassis results in better radar conditions. The beam sweeps the space without disturbances. Under the fuselage, the AN / AQQ-22 Star Safire II optoelectronic head was installed, capable of tracking 8 objects simultaneously, equipped with a CCD-TV daylight camera, a thermal imaging camera and a laser rangefinder. The main element of exploration is the SRM-800 Marine Reconnaissance System, integrating the ARS-800 radar (with a flat stabilized antenna, operating in the 8-12 GHz band, with a range of over 100 Mm, tracking over 100 targets, with the possibility of working in SAR and Inverted SAR modes ), MAG-10 magnetometer, HYD-10 buoys (ejector for 10 radioactive and passive Ultrachectronic radios, receiver), IFF 250 (APX-113), ŁS-10M object of the Łeba-2 command system. The aircraft was also fitted with the Polip receiver of the Link 11 system, the passive electronic reconnaissance system ESM-10 Lemur-10 and ejectors of apparent targets. The final version of the machine is to have avionics with liquid crystal displays and the ability to pilot using NVG goggles. By 2010, Bryza-1R had been modernized to the Bryza-bis standard.
PZL M-28 Bryza 1E. - This is the M-28 Bryza-1 airplane adapted in 2000 to patrol the economic zone and ecological protection. They were equipped with the Ericsson MSS-5000 observation system, consisting of two 80 km side-view radars, each for creating a digital image of the tracked objects. The width of the scanned strip of land is 160 km. The aircraft has a subbase scanner for testing the thickness of the pollution layer and compiling their maps. There is also an optical and video system to digitally display the situation at sea. M-28 E Bryzy-1E are used to patrol sea areas, monitor pollution, patrol the coastline and control the movement of ships and smaller vessels.
PZL M-28 B Bryza bis. - developed especially for the Border Guard. The Border Guard has been using these aircraft since 2006. This version is based on the M-28-05 Skytruck airframe. The aircraft is equipped with the ARS-400M radiolocation system with a range of 220 km, FLIR Star Safire II head, IR / UV marine scanner, modern rescue and patrol equipment, and avionics with a navigation system based on laser gyroscopes.
List An-28 / M-28
PZL An-28 - for static tests.
PZL An-28 - the first prototype.
PZL An-28 - the second prototype.
PZL An-28 - the third prototype.
PZL An-28 - the fourth prototype.
PZL An-28 - the fifth prototype.
An-28 No. AJ 001-01 nb UR-28800 - the first of the first batch sent to the CCCP in 1985.
By 1990, approximately 180 An-28 machines were built in 11 production series, of which about 160 were exported to CCCP. The most were airplanes in the passenger-transport version, but over a dozen An-28 P-firemen were built. Several An-28 A aircraft have been built with an increased fuel supply, allowing a 5-hour flight.
Several An-28 aircraft were purchased by Polish organizations and institutions. e.g. .;
An-28 registration SP-PDA - 1986. The first aircraft used by Poland, by PZL. Painting of aircraft similar to aircraft exported to the east, but the belt on the hull is dark blue. It is possible that it was one of the prototypes. The further history of this aircraft is written below.
An-28 No. AJ 004-06 registration SP-GCA - 1987, used by PZL. Painted white with a red belt, silver bottom.
An-28 No. AJ 006-08 registration SP-FFN - 1998, used by Poczta Polska. Painted white and navy blue.
An-28 No. AJ 006-11 registration SP-FHR - Painted white (2003).
An-28 No. AJ 007-03 registration SP-AWR - aircraft used by the Polish Aeroclub. Painted white with a yellow belt (2004).
An-28 No. AJ 007-17 registration SP-FHT - painted white with a red band, silver bottom. Painting reminds civilian painting of aircraft used by 36 SPLT. Then used by AeroService (2000). White with navy blue details.
An-28 TD No. AJ 004-04 nb 0404 - 1988, for the Navy. The first one was delivered to the Polish Army together with n. 0405. Painted in camouflage. In 2000, it was rebuilt to the Bryza-1E ecological version. Painted in gray.
An-28 TD No. AJ 004-05 nb 0405 - 1988, for the Navy. Painted in camouflage. In 2000, rebuilt to the ecological version Bryza-1E. Painted in gray.
An-28 TD Bryza-1 TD No. AJBP 01-01 nb 0723 - Flown on 7 September 1991, transport and passenger-landing. The first prototype developed in accordance with the WTT requirements for the Polish Army. The aircraft was built on the basis of Airframe An-28 No. AJ 007-23. In service at 43. BLot MW Gdynia.
An-28 B1R Bryza-1R No. AJGP 01-01 registration SP-PDC - 1992, patrol. The first patrol prototype for the Polish MW. The aircraft was built on the basis of airframe An-28 No. 008-10. In 2003, the aircraft became the prototype of the new patrol standard version M-28 Bryza bis, with folding chassis and greater possibilities. Painted in gray.
An-28 TD Bryza-1 TD No. AJB 001-01 nb 1003 - He made the first flight as An-28 No. AJ010-03 transport and passenger. One of the first to be delivered to the Polish Army. As Bryza, flown on October 10, 1994. Painted white and blue with a navy blue belt. Drive PZL-10 S and 3-blade propellers. First used in Powidz, and later in Gdynia in MW.
An-28 No. AJHP 01-01 nb 1007 - a salon for MW. Built in 1990-1992. A blue and white airplane with a navy blue belt. Drive PZL-10 S and 3-blade propellers. The aircraft was made on the basis of a typical An-28, which carried the civil registration SP-PDD.
The PZL An-28 Bryza 2RF Nb 1007 plane crash in Babie Doły occurred on March 31, 2009 at about 4:45 PM. Everyone on board died, four soldiers. The plane belonged to the Naval Aviation Brigade and carried out a training flight. The crew practiced the approach to emergency landing with one engine off.
Aircraft crew:
Capt. naval pilot Marek Sztabinski, born August 18, 1973 (36 years) - commander of the crew, pilot training instructor, a flight of 1134 hours.
Commander second lieutenant pilot Roman Berski, born on April 27, 1961 (48 years) - pilot controlling, a flight of 1500 hours.
Navy lieutenant pilot Przemysław Dudzik, born May 5, 1982 (27) - a pilot trained, a flight of 260 hours.
Navy staff officer Ireneusz Rajewski, born March 31, 1966 (43) - on-board technician, a flight of 1900 hours.
Honor their memory!
By order of the President of the Republic of Poland of 10 April 2009, the crew members were posthumously awarded the Maritime Cross of Merit. The accident report gave the probable cause - a pilot error and, as a result, unsymmetrical dragging of the aircraft. The impact on the ground took place in the back position.
The PZL An-28 Bryza Nb 1007 aircraft was built in 1992 and had approximately 1500 hours of flying time. PZL An-28 Bryza Nb 1007 was called the "Parisian" by pilots from PZL Mielec, because it was a VIP version of Salon, which before transferring to the unit in 1997 took part in the Paris International Air Show. Previously, the machine served as an unfinished prototype of the PZL An-28 RF version for radio-electronic combat.
M-28-02 Skytruck - The first production series consisted of a total of 20 machines. M-28-02 Skytruck - modified version with a total weight of 7,500 kg, with payload up to 2,300 kg. Under the hull, an additional trunk with a capacity of 300 kg appeared.
M-28 Skytruck AJE 001-01 registration SP-DDA. Later SP-FYV, SP-FZV - The prototype and advertising plane. Shown many times in the country and abroad, especially when he received PT engines. With PT engines flown on April 9, 1996. White with green elements. Then repainted. The underbody trunk was mounted. Rebuilt to version M-28-05.
M-28 No. AJ 005-06 registration SP-DDB Sprint - around 1991, prototype and advertising plane.
M-28 No. AJ 006-07 registration SP-DDC 285 - around 1995, prototype and advertising plane. White with a blue belt.
M-28 Skytruck No. AJEP 001-01 registration SP-DDF - 1993. Later, the plane received the SP-PDF registration. The Skytruck prototype was tested in July 29, 1993. The aircraft received Bendix-King avionics. Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-65B engines, with 5-bladed Hartzell propellers. The airframe came from a 10-series production.
M-28 No. AJEP 001-02 registration SP-PDA - the aircraft has been rebuilt to the Skytruck PLUS model. He had an enlarged fuselage. Used for various types of tests.
M-28 No. AJE 001-02 registration SP-DDE, YV-016CP, HK-4066X, YV1769 - This aircraft was AN-28 PT. after modification, flown on October 20, 1995. He belonged to Honduras. Damaged on November 9, 2009, when landing with excessive cargo (about 4,000 kg of cocaine) in Las Minas, Honduras. The damaged was transported by the military authorities of Honduras to the Tegucigalpa-Toncontin airport (TGU), where it is stored without wings, tail and engines.
M-28-02 No. AJE 001-03 registration SP-DFD, GN-96105 - First flight on September 12, 1996. Sold Venezuela. Has a rear undercarriage.
M-28-02 No. AJE 001-04 registration SP-DFE, GN-96106 - First flight on December 12, 1996. Sold Venezuela.
M-28-02 No. AJE 001-05 registration SP-DFF, GN-96107 - First flight on January 27, 1997. Sold Venezuela.
M-28-02 No. AJE 001-06 registration SP-DFG, GN-96108 - First flight on April 24, 1997. Sold Venezuela.
M-28-02 No. AJE 001-07 registration SP-DFH, GN-96109 - First flight on May 26, 1997. Sold Venezuela.
M-28-02 No. AJE 001-08 registration SP-DFI, GN-96110 - First flight on May 13, 1997. Sold Venezuela. Has a rear undercarriage.
M-28-02 Skytruck No. AJE 001-09 registration SP-DFB - 1996, one of the prototypes, with PT engines and 5-blade propellers. There was an additional door on the port side. After another modernization, Panamie was sold with the registration of HP-1416.
M-28-02 Skytruck No. AJE 001-10 registration SP-DFC - 1996, one of the prototypes, with PT engines and 5-blade propellers. There was an additional door on the port side. After the next modernization, Venezuela sold the YV-117CP registration. On July 12, 2001, at 12:45 HLV (16:45 GMT) during a takeoff aboard a fire. The plane was completely burned. 13 people were killed, all person on board.
M-28-02 Skytruck nr AJE 001-11 - During construction, it was converted into M-28-05 and received the AJE 003-01.
M-28-02 Skytruck nr AJE 001-12 - During construction, it was converted into M-28-05 and received AJE 003-02.
M-28-02 No. AJE 001-13 registration SP-DFK, GN-96119 - First flight on March 23, 1999. Sold Venezuela. Has a rear undercarriage.
M-28-02 No. AJE 001-14 registration SP-DFL, GN-96120 - First flight on April 30, 1999. Sold Venezuela. Has a rear undercarriage.
M-28-02 No. AJE 001-15 registration SP-DFM, GN-96121 - First flight on July 28, 1999. Sold Venezuela. Has a rear undercarriage. Wrecked on December 10, 2004. It is possible that the plane was shot down.
M-28-02 No. AJE 001-16 registration SP-DFN, GN-96122 - First flight on October 7, 1999. Sold Venezuela. Has a rear undercarriage.
M-28-02 No. AJE 001-17 registration SP-DFO, GNB-97123 - First flight on November 2, 1999. Sold Venezuela. Has a rear undercarriage.
M-28-02 No. AJE 001-18 registration SP-DFP, GNB-96124 - First flight on January 11, 2000. Made as a salon for 8-10 people. Sold Venezuela. Has a rear undercarriage.
M-28-02 No. AJE 001-19 registration SP-DFR, EV-9960 - First flight on December 3, 1999. Sold Venezuela. Has a rear undercarriage.
M-28-02 No. AJE 001-20 registration SP-DFS, EV-9961 - First flight on December 30, 1999. Sold Venezuela. Has a rear undercarriage.
M-28-05 production series 002. In total, 10 pieces were built.
M-28-05 Skytruck - modified M-28-02 with additional doors on the left side. Additional tanks in the wings. It is possible to build avionics from different manufacturers. Drive assembly according to the client's wishes.
M-28-05 Skytruck No. AJE 001-01 registration SP-FYV - 1997, with the trunk under the fuselage for 300 kg of cargo, which passed tests on this plane. P-W PT6A-65B engines and Hartzell 5-blade propellers.
M-28-05 No. AJE 002-01 registration SP-DFT, EV-0062 - The first flight on April 25, 2000, sold to Venezuela.
M-28-05 No. AJE 002-02 registration SP-DFU, EVBV-0063 - First flight on May 10, 2000, sold to Venezuela. Crashed on June 12, 2010 as a result of an upward stroke after deviating from the route.
M-28-05 No. AJE 002-03 registration SP-DFW, EV-0064 - First flight on July 25, 2000, sold to Venezuela.
M-28-05 No. AJE 002-04 registration SP-DFZ, EV-0065 - First flight on August 16, 2000, sold to Venezuela.
M-28-05 No. AJE 002-05 registration SP-DFY, EV-0066 - First flight on September 20, 2000, sold to Venezuela.
M-28-05 No. AJE 002-06 registration SP-DFX, EV-0067 - First flight on October 17, 2000, sold to Venezuela.
M-28-05 No. AJE 002-07 registration SP-DFV, EV-0068 - First flight on December 13, 2000, sold to Venezuela.
M-28-05 No. AJE 002-08 registration SP-DGA, EV-0069 - First flight on January 11, 2001, sold to Venezuela.
M-28-05 No. AJE 002-09 registration SP-DGB, EV-0070 - First flight on February 3, 2001, sold to Venezuela.
M-28-05 No. AJE 002-10 registration SP-DGC, EV-0071 - First flight on February 23, 2001, sold to Venezuela.
M-28 + Skytruck plus registration SP-PDA - version with more luggage space adapted for transporting LD-3 containers. A mock-up from the SP-PDA aircraft was created. The work was stopped. In 2008. this plane was incomplete at the airport in Mielec.
M-28-05 production series 003.
M-28-05 No. AJE 003-01 registration SP-DGD, NA-041 - First flight on March 28, 2002, Nepal sold.
M-28-05 No. AJE 003-02 registration SP-DGE, NA-048 - First flight on January 14, 2004, sold to Nepal. Wrecked on May 30, 2017, during landing. Three crew members were on board. One pilot died.
M-28-05 PI No. AJE 003-03 registration SP-DGF, P-4201 - First flight on August 24, 2004, sold to Indonesia. Wrecked on March 11, 2016.
M-28-05 PI No. AJE 003-04 registration SP-DGG, P-4202 - First flight on September 7, 2004, sold to Indonesia. Shattered November 2, 2009. during the flight, contact with the crew was lost. The plane fell to the ground for unknown reasons. Everyone on board died, 4 people. The remains were found on November 4, 2009.
M-28-05 No. AJE 003-05 registration SP-DGK, 8R-BKW - First flight on November 19, 2004, sold to Guyana. Has a rear undercarriage.
M-28-05 No. AJE 003-06 registration SP-DGH, P-2039 - First flight on November 4, 2004, sold to Indonesia.
M-28-05 No. AJE 003-07 registration SP-DGI, P-2040 - First flight on November 16, 2004, sold to Indonesia. Crashed on October 27, 2010, when helping victims of floods. There were five people on board. They all died.
M-28-05 No. AJE 003-08 registration SP-DGL, 311 - First flight on December 10, 2004, sold to Vietnam. The plane was equipped with a radar.
M-28-05 No. AJE 003-09 registration SP-DGM, 312 - First flight on December 20, 2004, sold to Vietnam. The plane was equipped with a radar. Wrecked on November 4, 2005, for unknown reasons. Three people were on board. They all died.
M-28-05 No. AJE 003-11 registration SP-PDG, SN-60YG - The first flight on February 14, 2006, transferred to the Polish Border Guard. The plane was equipped with a radar.
For USA
M-28-05 C-145 A No. AJE 003-10 registration SP-DGN, N310MV - The first flight on 10 July 2008, sold to the USA. The first of 16 pieces for USAF. In 2012, he retired to a warehouse in the Davis Monthan desert.
M-28-05 C-145 A No. AJE 003-17 registration SP-DGN, N317JG - The first flight on September 5, 2009, sold to the USA. The second of 16 pieces for USAF. In 2012, he retired to a warehouse in the Davis Monthan desert.
M-28-05 C-145 A No. AJE 003-19 registration SP-DGO, N319TW, 08-0319 - First flight on 29 September 2009, sold to the USA. Third of 16 pieces for USAF. Wrecked in Afghanistan on December 18, 2011. there were 7 people on board. Nothing happened to anyone. He made 1,273 flights for the accident in 1 164 hours.
M-28-05 C-145 A No. AJE 003-20 registration SP-DGR, N824KD - The first flight on November 20, 2009, sold to the USA. Fourth of 16 pieces for USAF. In 2015, he retired to a warehouse in the Davis Monthan desert.
M-28-05 C-145 A No. AJE 003-21 registration SP-DGS, N279DH - First flight on February 30, 2010, sold to USA. The fifth of 16 pieces for USAF. In 2015, he retired to a warehouse in the Davis Monthan desert.
M-28-05 C-145 A No. AJE 003-22 registration SP-DGT, N322PW - First flight on September 14, 2010, sold to USA. The sixth of 16 pieces for USAF. In 2015, he retired to a warehouse in the Davis Monthan desert.
M-28-05 C-145 A No. AJE 003-23 registration SP-DGU, N323FG - First flight on December 17, 2010, sold to USA. Seventh of 16 pieces for USAF. In 2015, he retired to a warehouse in the Davis Monthan desert.
M-28-05 C-145 A No. AJE 003-24 registration SP-LEL, N324HA - First flight on December 14, 2010, sold to USA. Eight out of 16 pieces for USAF. In 2015, he retired to a warehouse in the Davis Monthan desert.
M-28-05 C-145 A No. AJE 003-26 registration SP-DGZ, N362DD - First flight in September 2011, sold to USA. The ninth of 16 pieces for USAF. In 2015, he retired to a warehouse in the Davis Monthan desert.
M-28-05 C-145 A No. AJE 003-29 registration SP-DGY, N329JD - First flight in April 2012, sold to USA. The tenth of 16 pieces for USAF. In 2015, he retired to a warehouse in the Davis Monthan desert.
M-28-05 C-145 A No. AJE 003-31 registration SP-DGV, N331MF - First flight in 2012, sold to USA. Eleventh of 16 pieces for USAF.
M-28-05 C-145 A No. AJE 003-35 registration SP-LEL, N335RH - First flight in 2012, sold to USA. Twelfth of 16 pieces for USAF.
M-28-05 C-145 A No. AJE 003-36 registration SP-DGX, N336MJ - First flight on 2012, sold to USA. Thirteenth of 16 pieces for USAF.
M-28-05 C-145 A No. AJE 003-37 registration SP-DGY, N337GU - First flight in April 2013, sold to USA. Fourteenth of 16 pieces for USAF.
M-28-05 C-145 A No. AJE 003-38 registration SP-DGZ, N338GU - First flight in June 2013, sold to USA. Fifteenth of 16 pieces for USAF.
M-28-05 C-145 A Coyote No. AJE 003-41 registration SP-DGR,